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鈦陽(yang)極上的金屬氧化物涂層的作用是什(shen)么(me)？
鈦陽極就是鈦基(ji)金(jin)屬氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)涂(tu)層(ceng)中的(de)(de)(de)陽極。根據(ju)其(qi)表面(mian)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)涂(tu)層(ceng)不(bu)同(tong)分(fen)別(bie)具有(you)析(xi)氧(yang)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、析(xi)氯功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極材料要具有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，極距變化(hua)(hua)(hua)小，耐腐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強，機械強度和加工(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)好(hao)，壽命(ming)長，費用低，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極反應(ying)具有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，目前鈦是Z能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)滿足以(yi)上綜合(he)要求的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)采用工(gong)業純(chun)鈦TA1\TA2 鈦陽極上的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)涂(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)作用是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)率低，具有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(鈦本身(shen)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)不(bu)好(hao))，貴金(jin)屬涂(tu)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學組成穩定，晶體結構(gou)穩定，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極尺(chi)寸穩定，耐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，壽命(ming)長，具有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，有(you)利(li)于降低析(xi)氧(yang)、析(xi)氯反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，節約電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。
1、鈦陽極工作壽(shou)(shou)命長(chang)，隔膜(mo)法(fa)生產氯(lv)(lv)堿工業(ye)中(zhong)，金屬陽極耐氯(lv)(lv)和堿的腐蝕，陽極壽(shou)(shou)命己達(da)6年以上，而石(shi)墨陽極僅為8個月。
2、可(ke)克服石墨陽極和鉛陽極溶解(jie)問題(ti)，避(bi)免(mian)對電解(jie)液和陰極產(chan)物(wu)的污染，因而可(ke)提(ti)高(gao)金屬產(chan)品(pin)純度。
3、可提高電流(liu)密度。隔膜法生(sheng)(sheng)產氯堿中(zhong)，石墨陽極的(de)工作(zuo)電流(liu)密度為8A/dm2，鈦陽極可成倍(bei)(bei)地增(zeng)加(jia)，達17A/dm2，這(zhe)樣(yang)在電解廠房(fang)、電解槽(cao)相同的(de)條件下，產量可增(zeng)加(jia)1倍(bei)(bei)，提高了(le)單槽(cao)生(sheng)(sheng)產能(neng)力，有效地提高了(le)勞動(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)產效率。在高工作(zuo)電流(liu)密度下進行電解時，使(shi)用(yong)鈦陽極比較(jiao)適(shi)宜(yi)。
4、由于采用了(le)金屬陽極，氯酸鹽(yan)(yan)電(dian)解槽的高溫、高電(dian)流密度操(cao)作成為可能。金屬陽極的采用使電(dian)解槽構(gou)造得以改善，降低了(le)電(dian)能消(xiao)耗，加快了(le)次氯酸鹽(yan)(yan)生(sheng)氣(qi)氯酸鹽(yan)(yan)的化學反應(ying)，從而提高了(le)生(sheng)產性(xing)能。
5、采(cai)用(yong)了(le)DSA，水銀法及(ji)隔(ge)膜法食鹽(yan)電(dian)解(jie)槽(cao)的設計概(gai)念和操(cao)作條(tiao)件得(de)(de)以(yi)改進，能(neng)耗得(de)(de)以(yi)降低。DSA低的過電(dian)位(wei)特(te)性，電(dian)極間(jian)表(biao)面(mian)及(ji)電(dian)極的氣泡容易(yi)排(pai)除，是金屬陽(yang)極電(dian)解(jie)槽(cao)槽(cao)電(dian)壓降低的重(zhong)(zhong)要原(yuan)因(yin)。 由于鈦(tai)陽(yang)極 具有很多優點，它(ta)的開(kai)發(fa)使(shi)氯堿(jian)工業(ye)取得(de)(de)很大經濟效益，因(yin)此(ci)很快便在世界(jie)各地推廣使(shi)用(yong)。氯堿(jian)生產能(neng)力(li)，全(quan)世界(jie)約4100萬噸/年，采(cai)用(yong)鈦(tai)陽(yang)極不小于70%，鈦(tai)陽(yang)極被譽為(wei)氯堿(jian)工業(ye)一項重(zhong)(zhong)大技術*屏蔽的關鍵字*。隨后，鈦(tai)陽(yang)極在許多電(dian)解(jie)工業(ye)中也得(de)(de)到廣泛的推廣應(ying)用(yong)。
6、陽極尺寸穩定，電(dian)解過程中電(dian)極間距(ju)離不(bu)變化，可保證電(dian)解操作在槽電(dian)壓(ya)穩定情況下進行(xing)。
7、可避免鉛陽極變形后(hou)的(de)短路(lu)問題，因而可提高電流效率。
8、鈦陽極重量輕(qing)，可(ke)減輕(qing)勞動強度。
9、開關制作(zuo)容(rong)易，可高精度化(hua)。
10、工作電(dian)壓低，因(yin)此電(dian)能消耗(hao)(hao)小，可(ke)節省電(dian)能消耗(hao)(hao)，直流電(dian)耗(hao)(hao)可(ke)降(jiang)低10%～20%。鈦陽極工作電(dian)壓低的主要原因(yin)：
1)活(huo)性涂層(ceng)鈦陽(yang)極對氯(lv)和(he)氧的過電(dian)位均比(bi)較低(di)。鹽(yan)水電(dian)解生產氯(lv)堿時(shi)(shi)，鈦陽(yang)極對氯(lv)過電(dian)位低(di)，在1A/cm2時(shi)(shi)比(bi)石墨陽(yang)極低(di)140mV;
2)可降低“氣(qi)泡(pao)屏(ping)蔽效應”，金(jin)屬陽極(ji)(ji)表(biao)面生(sheng)成的(de)氣(qi)泡(pao)比較細(xi)小，且脫離迅速(su)，這樣電極(ji)(ji)間(jian)充氣(qi)度大為(wei)降低，兩極(ji)(ji)間(jian)歐姆降大約為(wei)700mV，氣(qi)泡(pao)直徑約為(wei)3mm;
3)降(jiang)低了陽極結構的電阻;
4)縮短了極間距(ju)離。 20世紀60年(nian)代，全(quan)世界食鹽電解工(gong)業年(nian)耗電量約1500億(yi)度(du)，使用金屬陽(yang)極后，每年(nian)可節約電能約3億(yi)度(du)。
11、氯(lv)堿(jian)生產中，使用鈦陽極后，產品質(zhi)量(liang)高，*屏(ping)蔽的(de)關鍵(jian)字(zi)*純度(du)高，不含CO2,堿(jian)濃度(du)高，可節省(sheng)加(jia)熱用蒸汽，節省(sheng)能源(yuan)消耗(hao)。
12、耐(nai)腐(fu)蝕(shi)性(xing)強，可在(zai)許多(duo)腐(fu)蝕(shi)性(xing)強，有(you)特殊要求的(de)電解介質中工作。
13、基體金(jin)屬鈦可多次反復使(shi)用。
14、金(jin)(jin)屬陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的出(chu)(chu)(chu)現，使(shi)用(yong)氯(lv)堿工業(ye)中近(jin)期涌現出(chu)(chu)(chu)的Z新離子膜電(dian)解(jie)技術(shu)得以設計(ji)和(he)實(shi)現工業(ye)化。 可(ke)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 可(ke)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)過(guo)程中起補充(chong)金(jin)(jin)屬離子和(he)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)的作用(yong)，不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)只起導(dao)(dao)電(dian)作用(yong)。Z早的不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是石墨和(he)鉛系(xi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上世紀70年代(dai)鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作為(wei)新技術(shu)開(kai)始(shi)應(ying)用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)和(he)電(dian)鍍行業(ye)。目前不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)兩大類：析(xi)氯(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。析(xi)氯(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要用(yong)于氯(lv)化物電(dian)解(jie)液體系(xi)，電(dian)鍍過(guo)程中陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)*屏蔽的關鍵字(zi)*釋放出(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)，因(yin)此稱為(wei)析(xi)氯(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji);析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要用(yong)于硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)、硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)、氫氰酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)等(deng)電(dian)解(jie)液體系(xi)，電(dian)鍍過(guo)程中陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)氧(yang)(yang)氣釋放出(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)，因(yin)此稱為(wei)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。鉛合金(jin)(jin)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根據其表面催(cui)化涂層不(bu)同分別具有(you)(you)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)、析(xi)氯(lv)功(gong)能或二者(zhe)功(gong)效兼有(you)(you)。
氯堿(jian)工(gong)業用(yong)鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 與石墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)相比(bi)，隔膜法生產(chan)燒堿(jian)，石墨陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)8A/DM2涂層(ceng)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可成(cheng)倍(bei)增加，達17A/DM2。這(zhe)樣(yang)在(zai)同樣(yang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解環(huan)境下產(chan)品可成(cheng)倍(bei)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)，而且所生產(chan)品的(de)質量(liang)高(gao)(gao)，*屏蔽的(de)關鍵(jian)字*純度(du)高(gao)(gao)。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)用(yong)鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)用(yong)不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是在(zai)鈦(tai)基體 (網狀(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)、帶狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)等)上涂覆具(ju)有(you)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)催(cui)化(hua)性能(neng)的(de)貴金(jin)屬(shu)氧(yang)化(hua)物涂層(ceng)，涂層(ceng)中含有(you)高(gao)(gao)穩(wen)定性的(de)閥金(jin)屬(shu)氧(yang)化(hua)物。新型(xing)不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)性鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 具(ju)有(you)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)催(cui)化(hua)能(neng)，析氧(yang)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)比(bi)鉛合金(jin)不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)低約0.5 V，節能(neng)顯著,穩(wen)定性高(gao)(gao),不(bu)污染(ran)鍍(du)(du)(du)液,重量(liang)輕(qing)，易于更換。 新型(xing)不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)性鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)析氧(yang)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)也比(bi)鍍(du)(du)(du)鉑不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)低，但是壽命卻提(ti)高(gao)(gao)1倍(bei)以(yi)(yi)上。廣(guang)泛用(yong)于各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)中作(zuo)為(wei)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)或者輔助陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)使用(yong)，可以(yi)(yi)替代常規的(de)鉛基合金(jin)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),在(zai)相同的(de)條件下,可以(yi)(yi)降低槽電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，節約電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)消耗;不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)性鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)過(guo)程中具(ju)有(you)良好的(de)穩(wen)定性(化(hua)學(xue)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue))，使用(yong)壽命長。此(ci)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛用(yong)于鍍(du)(du)(du)鎳鍍(du)(du)(du)金(jin)、鍍(du)(du)(du)鉻、鍍(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)、鍍(du)(du)(du)銅等電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)有(you)色金(jin)屬(shu)行業.
鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)金(jin)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji) 鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)金(jin)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)屬于析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)反應的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)為(wei)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)和(he)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽，主(zhu)要用于電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)冶金(jin)。這(zhe)種陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)存在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)幾何尺(chi)寸會有所(suo)(suo)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷。，在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)基體(ti)(ti)首先轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，然后(hou)再轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)一個中(zhong)(zhong)間層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)絕(jue)緣體(ti)(ti)，起著(zhu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)阻擋層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用，可以在(zai)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)環境中(zhong)(zhong)保護內層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基體(ti)(ti)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)在(zai)外(wai)(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)(shi)實(shi)際意義上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，上(shang)(shang)面發(fa)生析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)反應，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)電(dian)位很高，并且隨著(zhu)電(dian)流(liu)密度的(de)(de)(de)增加(jia)迅速(su)上(shang)(shang)升，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)金(jin)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種特征是(shi)(shi)由它(ta)外(wai)(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)物(wu)質(zhi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)固有特點—氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)不良導(dao)體(ti)(ti)所(suo)(suo)決定的(de)(de)(de)。此外(wai)(wai)，在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)結構的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)性能(neng)不斷衰(shuai)減，其內部應力的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生導(dao)致氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)脫落(luo)，另外(wai)(wai)，過(guo)(guo)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)生成也導(dao)致氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)不斷溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)，作(zuo)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)間層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)再次被(bei)(bei)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，成為(wei)新的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)電(dian)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活性物(wu)質(zhi)，內層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基體(ti)(ti)又被(bei)(bei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，形(xing)成新的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)間保護層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。因此，在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及其合(he)金(jin)元素不斷溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)到電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)里(li)并沉淀(dian)造成溶液(ye)污(wu)(wu)染(溶液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)沉淀(dian))和(he)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染(陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)電(dian)沉積，電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)到銅的(de)(de)(de)純度不能(neng)很好的(de)(de)(de)得到保證(zheng))。
1、什么是鈦陽極？ 鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)陽極(ji)就(jiu)是鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)基(ji)金屬(shu)氧化(hua)(hua)物涂層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中的(de)陽極(ji)。根據其表(biao)面催(cui)化(hua)(hua)涂層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)不同(tong)分別具有(you)(you)析(xi)(xi)氧功能(neng)、析(xi)(xi)氯功能(neng)。一般電極(ji)材料要具有(you)(you)良(liang)好的(de)導電性，極(ji)距變化(hua)(hua)小，耐腐蝕性強，機械強度和加工(gong)性能(neng)好，壽命(ming)長(chang)，費用低，對電極(ji)反應具有(you)(you)良(liang)好的(de)電催(cui)化(hua)(hua)性能(neng)，目前鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)是Z能(neng)滿足以上(shang)綜合要求的(de)金屬(shu)，一般采用工(gong)業純鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)TA1\TA2 鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)陽極(ji)上(shang)的(de)金屬(shu)氧化(hua)(hua)物涂層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)作用是：電阻率低，具有(you)(you)良(liang)好的(de)導電性（鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)本身導電性能(neng)不好），貴(gui)金屬(shu)涂層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)化(hua)(hua)學組成穩(wen)定，晶體(ti)結構穩(wen)定，電極(ji)尺寸穩(wen)定，耐蝕性好，壽命(ming)長(chang)，具有(you)(you)良(liang)好的(de)電催(cui)化(hua)(hua)性能(neng)，有(you)(you)利于降低析(xi)(xi)氧、析(xi)(xi)氯反應的(de)過電位，節約電能(neng)。
2、冶金工業(ye)中的陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分可(ke)溶性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和不(bu)(bu)(bu)溶性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。 可(ke)溶性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在電(dian)(dian)解(jie)過(guo)程中起(qi)補充金屬離子和導電(dian)(dian)的作用，不(bu)(bu)(bu)溶陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)只起(qi)導電(dian)(dian)作用。Z早的不(bu)(bu)(bu)溶性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)石墨和鉛系(xi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上世紀70年(nian)代鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作為(wei)新技術開始應用在電(dian)(dian)解(jie)和電(dian)(dian)鍍行(xing)業(ye)。目前不(bu)(bu)(bu)溶性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)兩大類：析(xi)氯陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。析(xi)氯陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要用于氯化(hua)物電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液體系(xi)，電(dian)(dian)鍍過(guo)程中陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)*屏蔽的關(guan)鍵(jian)字*釋(shi)放(fang)出來(lai)(lai)，因此稱為(wei)析(xi)氯陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)；析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要用于硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)、硝酸鹽(yan)、氫氰酸鹽(yan)等電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液體系(xi)，電(dian)(dian)鍍過(guo)程中陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)釋(shi)放(fang)出來(lai)(lai)，因此稱為(wei)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。鉛合金陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根(gen)據其表(biao)面催(cui)化(hua)涂層不(bu)(bu)(bu)同分別具有(you)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)、析(xi)氯功(gong)能或二者功(gong)效(xiao)兼有(you)。
3、鉛(qian)(qian)及鉛(qian)(qian)合(he)金(jin)(jin)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 鉛(qian)(qian)合(he)金(jin)(jin)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)屬于析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)，析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)反(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液為(wei)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)和硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽，主要用(yong)于電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)冶金(jin)(jin)。這種陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過程中(zhong)幾(ji)何尺寸(cun)會有(you)所變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷。，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過程中(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)基體(ti)首先轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)，然(ran)后再轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)。硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)中(zhong)間(jian)層，它是(shi)(shi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)體(ti)，起著(zhu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)阻(zu)擋層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，可以在(zai)(zai)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)環境中(zhong)保護內層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)基體(ti)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)在(zai)(zai)外(wai)層是(shi)(shi)實際意義(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)，上面發(fa)生析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)反(fan)應，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)位很(hen)高，并且隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)流密度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增加迅速(su)上升，鉛(qian)(qian)合(he)金(jin)(jin)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這種特征(zheng)是(shi)(shi)由(you)它外(wai)層物(wu)(wu)質氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固有(you)特點—氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不良導(dao)體(ti)所決定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。此外(wai)，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過程中(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)性能(neng)不斷(duan)衰減，其內部應力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生導(dao)致氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)一層層脫(tuo)落，另外(wai)，過氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也導(dao)致氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)不斷(duan)溶解(jie)(jie)，作為(wei)中(zhong)間(jian)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)再次被轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)層氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活性物(wu)(wu)質，內層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)基體(ti)又被氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)間(jian)保護層。因此，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過程中(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)及其合(he)金(jin)(jin)元素(su)不斷(duan)溶解(jie)(jie)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液里并沉(chen)淀造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)溶液污染(ran)（溶液中(zhong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)沉(chen)淀）和陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)產物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)（陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)沉(chen)積，電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)到(dao)銅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)純度不能(neng)很(hen)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)得到(dao)保證）。
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