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鈦陽極上的(de)金屬(shu)氧化物涂層的(de)作用是什么？

發布時間：2024-02-26 15:37:07 丨 瀏覽次數：

　　鈦(tai)(tai)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)就是(shi)鈦(tai)(tai)基金屬氧化(hua)物(wu)涂層中(zhong)的陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。根據其表面催化(hua)涂層不同分(fen)別具有析(xi)氧功(gong)能(neng)、析(xi)氯(lv)功(gong)能(neng)。一(yi)般(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)材料要具有良(liang)好的導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性，極(ji)(ji)(ji)距變(bian)化(hua)小，耐腐(fu)蝕性強(qiang)，機(ji)械強(qiang)度和(he)加工(gong)性能(neng)好，壽(shou)命(ming)長，費用低(di)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)反(fan)應具有良(liang)好的電(dian)(dian)(dian)催化(hua)性能(neng)，目前鈦(tai)(tai)是(shi)Z能(neng)滿足以上綜合(he)要求(qiu)的金屬，一(yi)般(ban)采用工(gong)業純鈦(tai)(tai)TA1\TA2 鈦(tai)(tai)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)上的金屬氧化(hua)物(wu)涂層的作用是(shi)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率低(di)，具有良(liang)好的導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(鈦(tai)(tai)本身導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)不好)，貴金屬涂層的化(hua)學組成(cheng)穩(wen)定(ding)，晶(jing)體(ti)結(jie)構(gou)穩(wen)定(ding)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)尺寸穩(wen)定(ding)，耐蝕性好，壽(shou)命(ming)長，具有良(liang)好的電(dian)(dian)(dian)催化(hua)性能(neng)，有利于(yu)降低(di)析(xi)氧、析(xi)氯(lv)反(fan)應的過電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，節約電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。

　　1、鈦陽(yang)極工作壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)長，隔膜法生(sheng)產(chan)氯堿工業中，金屬(shu)陽(yang)極耐氯和(he)堿的腐蝕，陽(yang)極壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)己達6年以上，而石墨(mo)陽(yang)極僅為8個月。

　　2、可克服石墨陽(yang)極和(he)鉛陽(yang)極溶解問題，避免對電(dian)解液和(he)陰極產物的污染，因而可提高金屬產品純度。

　　3、可(ke)提高電流(liu)密度。隔膜法生產(chan)(chan)氯堿(jian)中，石墨陽極的工作電流(liu)密度為8A/dm2，鈦(tai)陽極可(ke)成倍(bei)地(di)增(zeng)加，達(da)17A/dm2，這(zhe)樣(yang)在電解(jie)(jie)廠房、電解(jie)(jie)槽(cao)相同的條(tiao)件下，產(chan)(chan)量可(ke)增(zeng)加1倍(bei)，提高了單(dan)槽(cao)生產(chan)(chan)能力，有(you)效地(di)提高了勞動生產(chan)(chan)效率。在高工作電流(liu)密度下進行電解(jie)(jie)時(shi)，使用鈦(tai)陽極比較適(shi)宜。

　　4、由(you)于采用(yong)了金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)陽(yang)極，氯酸鹽(yan)電解(jie)槽的高溫(wen)、高電流密度操(cao)作成為可(ke)能。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)陽(yang)極的采用(yong)使(shi)電解(jie)槽構造得以改善(shan)，降低了電能消耗，加快了次氯酸鹽(yan)生氣氯酸鹽(yan)的化學反(fan)應，從(cong)而(er)提高了生產性(xing)能。

　　5、采用(yong)了DSA，水銀法及隔膜法食鹽電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)槽(cao)的(de)(de)設(she)計概念和操作條(tiao)件得(de)以(yi)改進，能耗得(de)以(yi)降(jiang)低(di)。DSA低(di)的(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)特性，電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)間表(biao)面及電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)氣泡容(rong)易排除，是金(jin)屬陽極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)槽(cao)槽(cao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降(jiang)低(di)的(de)(de)重要(yao)原因。 由于鈦陽極(ji) 具有很(hen)多優點，它的(de)(de)開發使(shi)(shi)氯堿(jian)工業取(qu)得(de)很(hen)大經濟效益，因此很(hen)快便(bian)在(zai)世界(jie)各地推(tui)廣(guang)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)。氯堿(jian)生產能力，全(quan)世界(jie)約4100萬(wan)噸/年，采用(yong)鈦陽極(ji)不(bu)小于70%，鈦陽極(ji)被(bei)譽為(wei)氯堿(jian)工業一項重大技術*屏(ping)蔽的(de)(de)關鍵字*。隨后，鈦陽極(ji)在(zai)許多電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)工業中(zhong)也得(de)到廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)推(tui)廣(guang)應(ying)用(yong)。

　　6、陽極尺(chi)寸穩(wen)定，電(dian)(dian)解(jie)過程中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)極間距離不變(bian)化，可保證電(dian)(dian)解(jie)操(cao)作在(zai)槽電(dian)(dian)壓穩(wen)定情(qing)況下(xia)進行。

　　7、可避免鉛陽極(ji)變形后的(de)短路問題，因而可提高電流效率。

　　8、鈦(tai)陽極重量輕，可減輕勞動強度(du)。

　　9、開關制(zhi)作容易，可高精度化。

　　10、工作電(dian)(dian)壓低(di)，因此電(dian)(dian)能消(xiao)耗(hao)小，可(ke)節(jie)省電(dian)(dian)能消(xiao)耗(hao)，直流電(dian)(dian)耗(hao)可(ke)降低(di)10%～20%。鈦陽(yang)極工作電(dian)(dian)壓低(di)的主要原(yuan)因：

　　1)活性涂(tu)層鈦(tai)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)對氯(lv)(lv)(lv)和氧(yang)的過(guo)(guo)電(dian)位均比(bi)較低(di)。鹽水電(dian)解生(sheng)產氯(lv)(lv)(lv)堿時，鈦(tai)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)對氯(lv)(lv)(lv)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)位低(di)，在1A/cm2時比(bi)石墨陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)低(di)140mV;

　　2)可降低“氣(qi)泡屏蔽效應”，金屬陽極表面生成的氣(qi)泡比較細小，且脫離迅速(su)，這(zhe)樣電極間(jian)充(chong)氣(qi)度(du)大為(wei)降低，兩極間(jian)歐姆降大約為(wei)700mV，氣(qi)泡直徑約為(wei)3mm;

　　3)降低了陽極(ji)結構的電阻(zu);

　　4)縮短了(le)極間距離。 20世(shi)紀60年(nian)代，全世(shi)界食鹽電(dian)(dian)解工業年(nian)耗電(dian)(dian)量約(yue)(yue)1500億度，使用金屬陽極后，每年(nian)可節(jie)約(yue)(yue)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)約(yue)(yue)3億度。

　　11、氯堿生產中，使用鈦(tai)陽(yang)極(ji)后，產品質(zhi)量高，*屏蔽的(de)關鍵字*純度(du)(du)高，不(bu)含CO2,堿濃度(du)(du)高，可節省加(jia)熱用蒸汽，節省能源(yuan)消耗。

　　12、耐腐(fu)蝕性強，可在許多(duo)腐(fu)蝕性強，有特殊要求的電(dian)解介(jie)質中(zhong)工作(zuo)。

　　13、基體金(jin)屬(shu)鈦可(ke)多次反(fan)復使用。

　　14、金屬(shu)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)出現，使用(yong)氯(lv)(lv)堿工業中(zhong)(zhong)近期涌現出的(de)Z新離子膜電(dian)解(jie)技術得以(yi)設計和(he)(he)實現工業化。   可(ke)(ke)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 可(ke)(ke)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在電(dian)解(jie)過程中(zhong)(zhong)起補充金屬(shu)離子和(he)(he)導電(dian)的(de)作用(yong)，不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)只起導電(dian)作用(yong)。Z早的(de)不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是石(shi)墨和(he)(he)鉛(qian)系陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上世紀70年代鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作為新技術開始應用(yong)在電(dian)解(jie)和(he)(he)電(dian)鍍(du)行(xing)業。目(mu)前不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為兩大類：析(xi)氯(lv)(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)析(xi)氧陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。析(xi)氯(lv)(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)氯(lv)(lv)化物電(dian)解(jie)液體(ti)(ti)系，電(dian)鍍(du)過程中(zhong)(zhong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)*屏蔽的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)字*釋放出來，因(yin)此稱為析(xi)氯(lv)(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji);析(xi)氧陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)硫酸鹽(yan)、硝酸鹽(yan)、氫氰(qing)酸鹽(yan)等電(dian)解(jie)液體(ti)(ti)系，電(dian)鍍(du)過程中(zhong)(zhong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)氧氣釋放出來，因(yin)此稱為析(xi)氧陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。鉛(qian)合(he)金陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)析(xi)氧陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根據其表面催化涂層不(bu)同(tong)分(fen)別具有(you)析(xi)氧、析(xi)氯(lv)(lv)功能或二者功效兼有(you)。

　　氯堿(jian)工業用(yong)(yong)(yong)鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 與(yu)石(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)相比，隔膜法生產(chan)(chan)燒堿(jian)，石(shi)墨陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)的(de)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為8A/DM2涂(tu)層(ceng)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)可成倍增加(jia)，達(da)17A/DM2。這樣在同樣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解環境(jing)下(xia)產(chan)(chan)品可成倍提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，而且(qie)所生產(chan)(chan)品的(de)質(zhi)量高(gao)(gao)(gao)，*屏蔽(bi)的(de)關鍵字*純度高(gao)(gao)(gao)。   電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)是(shi)在鈦基體 (網狀(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)、帶狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)等(deng))上涂(tu)覆具有(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學催化性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能的(de)貴金屬(shu)氧化物涂(tu)層(ceng)，涂(tu)層(ceng)中(zhong)含(han)有(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)閥金屬(shu)氧化物。新(xin)型不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 具有(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學催化能，析氧過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位比鉛(qian)(qian)合(he)金不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)低(di)約(yue)0.5 V，節能顯(xian)著,穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)高(gao)(gao)(gao),不(bu)污染鍍(du)(du)(du)液,重量輕，易于更換。 新(xin)型不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)的(de)析氧過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位也比鍍(du)(du)(du)鉑不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)低(di)，但是(shi)壽命卻(que)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)1倍以(yi)上。廣泛用(yong)(yong)(yong)于各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)作為陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)或者輔助陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，可以(yi)替代常(chang)規的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)基合(he)金陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji),在相同的(de)條件下(xia),可以(yi)降低(di)槽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，節約(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能消耗;不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)具有(you)良(liang)好的(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(化學、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命長。此陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)廣泛用(yong)(yong)(yong)于鍍(du)(du)(du)鎳鍍(du)(du)(du)金、鍍(du)(du)(du)鉻(ge)、鍍(du)(du)(du)鋅、鍍(du)(du)(du)銅等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)有(you)色(se)金屬(shu)行業.

　　鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)金陽(yang)極 鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)金陽(yang)極屬于(yu)(yu)析氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)極，析氧(yang)(yang)反應的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液為(wei)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)和(he)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)，主(zhu)要用于(yu)(yu)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)冶金。這種(zhong)陽(yang)極存在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)幾何尺寸會(hui)有(you)所變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷。，在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽(yang)極基(ji)體(ti)首先轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，然后再轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)一(yi)個中(zhong)(zhong)間層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，它是(shi)絕緣體(ti)，起著化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)阻擋層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用，可以在(zai)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)環(huan)境中(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)體(ti)。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)在(zai)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)實際意義(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)極，上(shang)面(mian)發生(sheng)析氧(yang)(yang)反應，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)析氧(yang)(yang)電(dian)位很高，并且隨著電(dian)流(liu)密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)增加迅速(su)上(shang)升，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)金陽(yang)極的(de)(de)(de)這種(zhong)特(te)征是(shi)由(you)它外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)有(you)特(te)點—氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)不良導(dao)體(ti)所決(jue)定的(de)(de)(de)。此外(wai)，在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽(yang)極結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)性能(neng)不斷(duan)(duan)衰(shuai)減(jian)，其內(nei)部應力的(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)導(dao)致(zhi)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)脫落，另外(wai)，過(guo)(guo)(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)成也導(dao)致(zhi)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)不斷(duan)(duan)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，作(zuo)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)間層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)再次被轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，成為(wei)新的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活性物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)，內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)體(ti)又被氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，形成新的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)間保(bao)護層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。因此，在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及其合(he)金元素不斷(duan)(duan)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)到(dao)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液里并沉(chen)淀造成溶(rong)(rong)液污染(溶(rong)(rong)液中(zhong)(zhong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)沉(chen)淀)和(he)陰(yin)極產物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)污染(陰(yin)極表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)污染物(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)沉(chen)積，電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)到(dao)銅的(de)(de)(de)純度不能(neng)很好的(de)(de)(de)得到(dao)保(bao)證)。

　　1、什么是鈦陽極？ 鈦陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)就是鈦基金(jin)屬氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物涂(tu)層(ceng)中的陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。根據其(qi)表面催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)涂(tu)層(ceng)不(bu)(bu)同分別具(ju)有析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)、析(xi)氯功能(neng)(neng)(neng)。一般(ban)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)材料要具(ju)有良好(hao)(hao)的導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，極(ji)(ji)(ji)距(ju)變化(hua)(hua)小，耐腐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強，機械強度和加工(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)好(hao)(hao)，壽命長，費(fei)用低，對電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)具(ju)有良好(hao)(hao)的電(dian)(dian)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，目前(qian)鈦是Z能(neng)(neng)(neng)滿足以上(shang)綜合要求的金(jin)屬，一般(ban)采用工(gong)業(ye)純(chun)鈦TA1\TA2 鈦陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)的金(jin)屬氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物涂(tu)層(ceng)的作用是：電(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)低，具(ju)有良好(hao)(hao)的導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)（鈦本身導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)好(hao)(hao)），貴(gui)金(jin)屬涂(tu)層(ceng)的化(hua)(hua)學(xue)組成穩(wen)定，晶體結構穩(wen)定，電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)尺寸穩(wen)定，耐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)，壽命長，具(ju)有良好(hao)(hao)的電(dian)(dian)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，有利于(yu)降低析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)、析(xi)氯反(fan)應(ying)(ying)的過電(dian)(dian)位，節約(yue)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。

　　2、冶金(jin)(jin)工業中的陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分可(ke)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和不(bu)(bu)(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。 可(ke)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)過程(cheng)中起補充金(jin)(jin)屬離(li)子和導電(dian)的作(zuo)用(yong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)溶(rong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)只(zhi)起導電(dian)作(zuo)用(yong)。Z早(zao)的不(bu)(bu)(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是石墨和鉛(qian)系陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上世(shi)紀(ji)70年代鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作(zuo)為新技(ji)術開始應用(yong)在電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)和電(dian)鍍行業。目前不(bu)(bu)(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為兩(liang)大類：析(xi)(xi)氯陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。析(xi)(xi)氯陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要用(yong)于氯化物電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液體(ti)系，電(dian)鍍過程(cheng)中陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)*屏蔽(bi)的關鍵字*釋放出來，因此稱(cheng)為析(xi)(xi)氯陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)；析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要用(yong)于硫酸鹽、硝酸鹽、氫氰酸鹽等電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液體(ti)系，電(dian)鍍過程(cheng)中陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)氧(yang)(yang)氣釋放出來，因此稱(cheng)為析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。鉛(qian)合金(jin)(jin)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根據(ju)其表(biao)面催化涂層不(bu)(bu)(bu)同分別具有(you)(you)析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)、析(xi)(xi)氯功(gong)能或二者功(gong)效兼有(you)(you)。         

        3、鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)(he)金(jin)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)  鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)(he)金(jin)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)屬(shu)于析(xi)(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)，析(xi)(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液為(wei)硫(liu)酸(suan)和硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽，主要用(yong)(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)冶金(jin)。這種陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)幾何尺寸會(hui)有(you)所變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷。，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)基體首先(xian)轉化(hua)成(cheng)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，然后再(zai)轉化(hua)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，它(ta)(ta)是(shi)絕緣體，起著(zhu)化(hua)學阻(zu)擋層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，可(ke)以在(zai)硫(liu)酸(suan)環(huan)境中(zhong)(zhong)保護(hu)內(nei)(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基體。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)在(zai)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)實(shi)際意義(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)，上面發生析(xi)(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)反應(ying)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)析(xi)(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位很(hen)(hen)高(gao)，并且隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密(mi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)增加迅速(su)上升，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合(he)(he)金(jin)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)這種特(te)征是(shi)由它(ta)(ta)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)物質氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)固有(you)特(te)點—氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)良導(dao)體所決定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)。此外(wai)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)結構的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學性能不(bu)斷衰(shuai)減(jian)，其內(nei)(nei)部應(ying)力的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生導(dao)致氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)脫落，另外(wai)，過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)生成(cheng)也(ye)導(dao)致氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物不(bu)斷溶解(jie)(jie)，作(zuo)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)再(zai)次(ci)被轉化(hua)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，成(cheng)為(wei)新的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物電(dian)(dian)(dian)催(cui)化(hua)活性物質，內(nei)(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基體又被氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)，形(xing)成(cheng)新的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)保護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。因(yin)此，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及其合(he)(he)金(jin)元素不(bu)斷溶解(jie)(jie)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液里并沉(chen)淀造成(cheng)溶液污(wu)染（溶液中(zhong)(zhong)化(hua)學沉(chen)淀）和陰極(ji)(ji)產(chan)物的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染（陰極(ji)(ji)表面的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染物電(dian)(dian)(dian)沉(chen)積，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)到(dao)銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)純(chun)度(du)不(bu)能很(hen)(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)得到(dao)保證）。